The phrase “weeping and gnashing of teeth” is found seven times in the Bible. It appears six times in Matthew, and one time in Luke. It is common among traditionalists to point to this phrase in support of their view that the wicked will suffer eternally after judgment. A simple examination of these passages concludes otherwise.
In reality, this phrase gives no indication whatsoever that the wicked will suffer eternally. It illustrates that the wicked will see the rewards of the righteous, curse the Lord, and be casted out of God’s kingdom into fire. These passages in no way hint that the wicked who are thrown into the fire are able to dwell within it, and much less for eternity.
This phrase does, however, add color to the Old Testament’s already vivid imagery of the judgment of the wicked. While the Old Testament books of Job, Psalms, and Proverbs focus on the extinction of the wicked and the rewards of the righteous, the New Testament tells us that the wicked will not be immediately annihilated. Instead, the wicked will suffer consciously for an amount of time (just as Jesus suffered consciously before being crucified) before suffering the second and final death by fire. The conscious pain will take no longer than the time it takes for the fire to consume the wicked and turn their entire being to nothing.
Here are the seven times the phrase is found within Scripture:
When Jesus heard this, he was astonished and said to those following him, “I tell you the truth, I have not found anyone in Israel with such great faith. I say to you that many will come from the east and the west, and will take their places at the feast with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. But the subjects of the kingdom will be thrown outside, into the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” (Mt. 8:10-12)
He answered, “The one who sowed the good seed is the Son of Man. The field is the world, and the good seed stands for the sons of the kingdom. The weeds are the sons of the evil one, and the enemy who sows them is the devil. The harvest is the end of the age, and harvesters are angels. As the weeds are pulled up and burned in the fire, so it will be at the end of the age. The Son of Man will send out his angels, and they will weed out of his kingdom everything that causes sin and all who do evil. They will throw them into the fiery furnace, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. He who has ears, let him hear.” (Mt. 13:37-42)
“Once again, the kingdom of heaven is like a net that was let down into the lake and caught all kinds of fish. When it was full, the fishermen pulled it up on the shore. Then they sat down and collected the good fish in baskets, and threw the bad away. This is how it will be at the end of the age. The angels will come and separate the wicked from the righteous and throw them into the fiery furnace, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” (Mt. 13:47-50)
“But when the king came in to see the guests, he noticed a man there who was not wearing wedding clothes. ‘Friend,’ he asked, ‘how did you get in here without wedding clothes?’ The man was speechless. Then the king told the attendants ‘Tie him hand and foot, and throw him outside, into the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.’ For many are invited, but few are chosen.” (Mt. 22:11-13)
“But suppose that servant is wicked and says to himself, ‘My master is staying away a long time,’ and he then begins to beat his fellow servants and to eat and drink with drunkards. The master of that servant will come on a day when he does not expect him and at an hour he is not aware of. He will cut him to pieces and assign him a place with the hypocrites, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” (Mt. 24:48-51)
” ‘Take the talent from him and give it to the one who has the ten talents. For everyone who has will be given more, and he will have an abundance. Whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him. And throw that worthless servant outside, into the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.’ “ (Mt. 25:28-30)
“There will be weeping there, and gnashing of teeth, when you see Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets in the kingdom of God, but you yourselves thrown out. People will come from east and west and north and south, and will take their places at the feast in the kingdom of God. Indeed there are those who are last who will be first, and first who will be last.” (Lk. 13:28)
We can see in other passages that when someone gnashes their teeth, they do so in anger:
Surely now God has worn me out; he has made desolate all my company. And he has shriveled me up, which is a witness against me. And my leanness has risen up against me; it testifies to my face. He has torn me in his wrath and hated me; he has gnashed his teeth at me; my adversary sharpens his eyes against me. (Job 16:7-9)
The wicked plots against the righteous and gnashes his teeth at him, but the Lord laughs at the wicked, for he sees that his day is coming. (Psalm 37:12-13)
The wicked man sees it and is angry; he gnashes his teeth and melts away; the desire of the wicked will perish! (Psalm 112:10)
But at my stumbling they rejoiced and gathered; they gathered together against me; wretches whom I did not know tore at me without ceasing; like profane mockers at a feast, they gnash at me with their teeth. (Psalm 35:15-16)
All your enemies rail against you; they hiss, they gnash their teeth, they cry: “We have swallowed her! Ah, this is the day we longed for; now we have it; we see it!” (Lamentation 2:16)
What these passages teach: These passages clearly teach that on the Last Day, the righteous and wicked will be separated and receive different judgments. The wicked will see the rewards of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets, and afterwards will be casted out of the kingdom of God while they weep and gnash their teeth in anger at the Lord and the righteous. The wicked will be casted into the darkness like the wedding guest, cut to pieces like the wicked servant, and thrown into the fiery furnace and burned to ashes like useless weeds. These images indicate that there will be consciousness of the wicked, and conscious pain, for an amount of time that is most likely the amount of time it takes for them to be burned to death by fire. Therefore, we can read “weeping and gnashing of teeth” to mean that the wicked will be angry at God and the righteous after seeing the heavenly rewards, and then they will be punished with the wrath of God until they are completely destroyed.
What these passages do not teach: These passages do not indicate that the wicked will suffer eternal conscious torment. These statements say what they clearly say, and nothing more. If these passages indicated that the wicked would suffer never-ending conscious pain, it would be clear. However, there is no evidence from this phrase to support any definitive argument stating that the wicked will be consciously tormented without end.
As Edward Fudge says:
“In scriptural usage the expression “weeping and grinding of teeth” seems to indicate two separate activities. The first reflects the terror of the doomed as they begin to truly realize that God has thrown them out as worthless and as they anticipate the execution of His sentence. The second seems to express the bitter rage and acrimony they feel toward God, who sentenced them, and toward the redeemed, who will forever be blessed. The common assumption that “weeping and grinding of teeth” describes the everlasting agony of souls in conscious torment is the interpretation of a later age, and it lacks any clear biblical support.”